Introduction

There are several methods of diagnosing cancer with advantages in technologies that understand cancer better. There are rises of number of diagnostic tools that can help detect cancers. Diagnosis is usually made by pathologist and onco-pathologist. Some type of cancers, particularly lymph nodes, can be hard to classify even for an expert. Most cancer needs a second opinion regarding diagnosis before being sure of diagnosis or stage & type.

Different methods for diagnosing tumor

1. Radiological diagnosis
2. Cytological diagnosis.
3. Histological diagnosis
4. Frozen section
5. Hematological diagnosis
6. Immunohistochemistry
7. Molecular diagnosis
8. Tumour markers

Radiological diagnosis

This includes X-ray, Ultrasound, CT scan, MRI.

These are one of the best early, non-invasive methods of cancer diagnosis.

 X-ray: it is a most common technique. These is used for detection of stomach & small intestinal growths & cancer.

Ultrasound: an exam in which the sound waves are bounced off tissue and echoes are Converted into picture.

CT scan: (computerized tomography) It uses radiographic beams to create detail Computerized picture. It is more precise than a standard X-ray.

 MRI: (Magnetic resonance imaging) It uses powerful magnetic field to create Detail computerized images of the body’s Soft tissue, large blood vessels & major organs.

Cytological diagnosis.

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC): Fine needle aspiration cytology is a popular method of tumor diagnosis particularly for palpable tumors, Lymph nodal tumors, Breast tumors, Salivary gland tumors, Thyroid tumors.

Histological diagnosis

For histological diagnosis, the following methods of sampling is done: Biopsy- biopsy is a surgical removal of small piece of tissue. For microscopic examination for the presence of cancer cell. There are three ways tissues can be removed for Biopsy, they are

• Endoscopy
• Needle biopsy
• Surgical biopsy

Frozen section

Frozen section is quick diagnosis method. The tissue is quickly frozen at around -20’ c in frozen section cryostat which makes the tissue hard. -tissue is immediately sectioned & stained -the whole process from receiving, staining to diagnosis can be completed within 10 to 15 days.

Hematological diagnosis

Marrow is aspirated by bone marrow aspiration needle biopsied by trephine needle. It is useful in the diagnosis of Leukemia Metastasis from lymphoma or solid tumors. This is needed for staging leukemia

Immunohistochemistry

Large number of monoclonal antibodies are available which are useful for:

• Typing of a malignant tumour.
• Poorly differentiated tumors are difficult to morphologically type but if it shows positivity for cytokeratin antibody then it can be typed as carcinoma.
• T cell or B cell monoclonal antibody positivity in the T cell or B cell lymphoma.
• Classification of leukemia and lymphomas.
• Determination of site of primary in metastatic tumour.

Molecular diagnosis

Molecular diagnosis is an ever-emerging field. These are useful in detection of: Minute translocations Minimal residual disease.

Tumour markers

Some tumors release substance is called tumor marker. Blood test can be performed to detect the blood Cells as well as for specific tumor markers Tumor marker is biochemical indicators of Tumors. These may be Antigens, Cytoplasmic proteins, Enzymes, Hormones, Use in support diagnosis.

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Journal of Molecular Oncology Research
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